EG468 Final Exam (ITT Tech)
Q1 of 50:
Which of the following is the domain that pertains to character and the individual?
Answer/Response:
- Philosophy
- Morality
- Ethics
- Immorality
Q2 of 50:
Which of the following would be most likely to hold the position: Never Kill, except in self-defense?
Answer/Response:
- Rule Utilitarian, since rule utilitarian’s care about bringing about the most good
- Act Utilitarian, since killing does not bring about the greatest good for everyone
- Rule Utilitarian, since they honor those rules which provide the greatest good for all
- Act Utilitarian, since this position focuses on a specific action that might be taken
Q3 of 50:
Why might the ethics of caring be worse than a system of so-called male virtues?
Answer/Response:
- Gilligan’s theory gives both men and women more opportunities
- Ethicists recognize that the role of caring is unique to women
- Kohlberg actually rejected Gilligan’s studies as being geocentric
- People might conclude that females don’t embrace justice as well as men do
Q4 out of 50:
Which of the choices most accurately completes the following sentence? Aren’t there just some obvious responsibilities or duties that all humans must obey_______________________?
Answer/Response:
- Such as the silver rule which argues we ought not follow the golden rule?
- Like the so called Prima Facie duties of fidelity, justice, non-injury, and reparation?
- Or might the study of ethics have been created in order not to take an ethical stand?
- And aren’t there categorical imperatives that ought to be exceptional?
Q5 of 50:
What am I doing if I try to “get an ought from an is?”
Answer/Response:
- Concluding that simply because they do something, humans should do it
- Reverting to the position that people only do what serves them
- Arguing logically that people always act in their own self interest
Q6 of 50:
According to Locke, why are doctors permitted to earn more than blue-collar workers?
Answer/Response:
- This inequality is permissible to the extent that it is to everyone’s advantage.
- Doctors must perform charity work to fulfill their ethical duty
- Free market ethics mean than anyone can charge whatever they want
- Blue collar workers ought to work harder than doctors, regardless of their training
Q7 of 50:
Between 1999 and 2001 Enron Energy Company grew to a staff of about 21,000 in 40 countries. The firm’s success turned out to be an elaborate scam, but the company had a 65-page ethical code of conduct. Which of the following is Enron a textbook case of?
Answer/Response:
- Too many government regulations (probably not the correct answer)
- The idea that free markets can self-regulate ßmost likely correct
- How to instill ethics in the workplace (probably not the correct answer)
Q8 of 50:
Determinists would all agree, there is no such thing as an uncaused event, ________.
Answer/Response:
- And both religious and scientific determinists offer arguments that remain popular today
- And economic determinists conclude that capitalism is the ultimate goal of society
- Although psychological determinists originally linked all behavior to Freud
- Although only religious determinism gathers attention in popular argument
Q9 of 50:
Which of the choices most accurately completes the following sentence?
Critics of the divine command theory say that its followers do not truly practice morality because they give [up] their ability to make choices and instead follow the rules of a supernatural being regardless of consequences, ______________.
Answer/Response:
- And this is why your text does not classify divine command as nonconsequentialist
- Because this is how they use decisions to prove that a super natural being exists
- Creating a morality that, for all of its problems, is the most popular around the world
- Setting aside the concern about whether or not we can even interpret rules correctly
Q10 out of 15:
John is trying to create a moral system that will reward virtue and produce people with strong moral character. Part of his system will provide extra resources – job training, medical care, and bio-engineering advances – to some members of society. Which group is John most likely to reward?
Answer/Response:
- A senior manager who has spent over 40 years rising through the ranks in a single division of the company
- A production line worker who puts in extra hours to make up for the damage cause by clumsy performance
- A student who receives top grades in school despite doing little work, a clear sign of superior talent
- A high school drop-out who has barely been getting by on a series of odd jobs and needs medical treatment
Q11 out of 50:
Law is the public codification of morality, ____________________.
Answer/Response:
- But a study of legal history would probably indicate the opposite.
- And it serves as a list of behaviors which a society sanctions.
- And law is often uniform across society.
- And law often precedes morality.
Q12 out of 50:
Which of the following is a person who holds a mild form of cultural relativism most likely to argue?
Answer/Response:
- Different groups of people must always conclude that killing is moral
- Members of some cultures behave differently when visiting other cultures, so they are hypocrites.
- Revenge killing among Bedouin peoples might be moral activity
Q13 out of 50:
Which of the following best describes hard determinists?
Answer/Response:
- They argue with soft determinists that some causation originates with human beings.
- They suggest that some causes are beyond control since humans are “hard-wired” to act.
- They think like members of the military who refer to a “bullet with their name on it.”
Q14 out of 50:
Which of the following best describes people who live in cultures that suppose human rights exist?
Answer/Response:
- They believe that these rights exist in all human beings.
- They share this trait with over half the world’s population.
- They do not grant these rights to individuals in other nations.
- They have many ways to defend human rights around the world.
Q15 out of 50:
Which of the following best agrees with the idea that lies are necessary in order to maintain national security and may protect innocent people?
Answer/Response:
- Falsely agreeing with your spouse on a clothing opinion is a serious moral problem. (probably not the correct answer)
- There are hardly any risks to telling just one lie. (probably not the correct answer)
- Business people may argue that omission is a justifiable lie. <- most likely correct
Q16 out of 50:
Ashraf believes “an eye for an eye,” and Tim believes “turn the other cheek.” Both friends embrace religious references for their views on justice, ____________________.
Answer/Response:
- And their choice of passages suggest that both friends are concerned with compensation.
- Although one immediately considers retribution and the other immediately considers reward.
- Although the first concern each saying highlights is how to honor the Ten Commandments.
- And neither perspective is well-organized as a foundation of human relations in the modern era.
Q17 out of 50:
Within eight days of a female infant’s birth, a family attends a ritual in which the infant’s ears are pierced and bejeweled with an ornament that keeps bad spirits from robbing the infant’s good luck. Which of the following best describes the family’s ethical status? This family __________________.
Answer/Response:
- Was born into a customary morality.
- Feels this is an unjust law.
- Is protected from bad fortune.
- Participates in a reflective morality.
Q18 out of 50:
Which of the following describes free will?
Answer/Response:
- It is contrary to the thoughts of soft determinists.
- It is mostly a concept created by hard determinists.
- It is primarily a concept that is supported by fatalists.
- It grows out of the thinking of soft determinists.
Q19 out of 50:
Passing a law cannot change how people feel inside, __________________.
Answer/Response:
- Unless the people affected by the law agree with the law and its purpose.
- But passing laws can contradict their ethical intentions – proving ethics cannot exist.
- But laws can train us to behave in ways that permit us to see ethical alternatives.
- Which means that self-assumed virtues are even less effective than laws.
Q20 out of 50:
Which of the following items describes basic criteria for setting up a moral system?
Answer/Response:
- Firm and rigid so that it cannot change.
- So clear that it explains itself.
- Rational, and it need not include emotions.
- Have the ability to resolve conflicts.
Q21 out of 50:
Which of the following best describes federal law prohibiting sexual harassment that creates a hostile working environment?
Answer/Response:
- Out of touch with employees and supervisors who dress in order to please employees.
- Has the effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance.
- A response to people in the work place who make too much of flirtatious jokes.
Q22 out of 50:
Which of the following descriptions of disciplined conduct is most accurate?
Answer/Response:
- While useful in business, teaches us little in the discipline of ethics.
- Distracts us from the major issues of ethics with discussions about economics.
- Not the essence of virtues, contrary to many efforts by lawmakers.
- Can be “sharpened on a grindstone,” as many ancient philosophers suggest.
Q23 out of 50:
Why do some philosophers argue that rights should be evaluated from behind “a veil of ignorance?”
Answer/Response:
- This is the way evaluators can distribute rights only to the individuals and groups that are most deserving.
- If there is a veil of ignorance, then the people evaluating rights will not be influenced by their own place in society.
- The veil creates national borders that let the evaluator assign rights to people according to where they were born.
- It is impossible to actually create such a veil, and this argument lets them prevent rights from being evaluated.
Q24 out of 50:
Which of the following best describes the statement “Without free will, there is no such thing as morality?”
Answer/Response:
- Cannot be the argument made by hard determinists.
- Not a concern for religious determinists.
- A criticism of soft determinists.
- The utilitarian argument against soft determinists.
Q25 out of 50:
Why do most carnivores choose to eat both meat and vegetables?
Answer/Response:
- Animals offer risky, but easy availability of food for humans.
- Hinduism and Buddhism stress the interconnectedness of the natural order.
- They believe that animals have souls, minds, or feelings.
- Just as animals eat other animals and plants for food, so do humans.
Q26 out of 50:
Which of the following indicates a growing acceptance of the morality of suicide?
Answer/Response:
- The belief that God has the authority to take away a life, so suicide reduces God’s authority.
- The concern that if you allow human life to be taken in some instances, you open the door to many.
- The fact that a suicide victim’s survivors are made to “pay” for the consequences of his decision.
- The idea that suicide has to do with the rights that every person has over his or her body.
Q27 out of 50:
Which of the following statements best follows the idea that religion is perhaps older than language?
Answer/Response:
- There can be no morality without religion.
- Morality has its origin in religion.
- Only religious people can be moral.
- Religion makes people behave morally.
Q28 out of 50:
A blind man may never be free to see, but he remains free ________________.
Answer/Response:
- Only because he can be treated as an equal.
- Because he can choose how he thinks about his infirmity.
- Until a moralist writes about freedom of the blind.
- So far as he is assisted by other moral humans.
Q29 out of 50:
Which of the choices most accurately completes the following sentence? Utilitarian approaches to crime differ from retributivists’ views, ____________.
Answer/Response:
- And utilitarians give little thought to the results of the punishment.
- Because utilitarians do not make a case for rehabilitation or restitution.
- And the utilitarian might support punishments that deter others from crime.
- But utilitarians would also punish people simply because a crime has occurred.
Q30 out of 50:
Mariola lives is an impoverished city. Margaret lives in a rural Midwest town. Maiola must compete for a limited access to crowded college classroom. Margaret shines above high school classmates, and qualifies for many available colleges. Without a veil of ignorance, how would both high school seniors see this country’s opportunities?
Answer/Response:
- Neither student would swap her position in life for the other’s.
- Neither student considers the distribution of education and justice.
- Mariola might argue that access to college is unfairly distributed.
- Both agree that systemic inequality ought to be permitted in a just society.
Q31 out of 50:
Which of the following best describes the moral code: “Always be a parasite, living off of someone else.”
Answer/Response:
- This is a consistent argument because carrying it to its logical end works.
- This supports the contention of a perfect moral truth, with only one flaw.
- This principle should be adopted because some people can be parasites.
- This code is seriously at conflict with the principle of universalizability.
Q32 out of 50:
Attending school and rejecting your family’s demand that you baby-sit your younger siblings draws your parent’s anger and makes you an uncomfortable renter. Which of the following is a possible moral choice suggested by your status?
Answer/Response:
- Recognize that a sense of “ren” may compel you to postpone school and follow your parents’ wishes. <- most likely correct
- Return to college and argue with your parents that they should be more responsible raising children. (probably not the correct answer)
- Quit school because it is always such a hassle to pay rent, take care of kids, and live at home. (probably not the correct answer)
Q33 out of 50:
Which of the following is the strongest argument that justice should be individualistic?
Answer/Response:
- Punishing an individual is a mistake, since the threat of collectivistic punishment makes everyone pressure wrongdoers.
- If we are collectivistic with punishment, or if we use mass punishment, we might discriminate against minorities.
- This is nonsense, since, in the military, if one person fails to meet a standard, the group receives punishment.
- Our society already creates criminal laws that reward and punish specific groups of its members collectively.
Q34 out of 50:
Because most medical procedures carry with them some slight risk of death, why might some doctors prefer to use the paternalistic approach to medical ethics?
Answer/Response:
- The patient must be told all about every medical procedure, even if it’s an invasion of their rights.
- Doctors possess complicated knowledge that may confuse the patients and slow their recovery.
- This medical approach is the best way to create informed consent for as many patients as possible.
- Mentioning symptoms to a patient can induce misleading symptoms and make it harder to heal them.
Q35 out of 50:
Why is an act utilitarian bound by rules?
Answer/Response:
- Act utilitarians are not bound by hard and fast rules since situations change.
- Utilitarians are bound by their oath to agents, and agents follow rules.
- The hard and fast, right and wrong approach to rules is clearly beneficial.
- All utilitarians think that killing is deplorable – even killing dictators.
Q36 out of 50:
Why might nonconsequentialist theories be seen ultimately as consequentialist moral issues?
Answer/Response:
- Consequentialist theories are able to stand up to all criticism.
- Nonconsequentialism is an outmoded ethical philosophy.
- Morality is eventually judged by its long-term results.
- Philosophers cannot agree on these conceptual schools of ethics.
Q37 out of 50:
Which of the following best describes someone who argues that everyone ought to do what is best for himself or herself?
Answer/Response:
- A selfish person with highly-developed ethical interests.
- A universal ethical egoist.
- An individual ethical egoist.
- Someone who is not interested in others.
Q38 out of 50:
Why do most people agree that punishment is distributed better and more fairly by an institution than by individuals?
Answer/Response:
- Punishment is often never-ending when it is assigned as part of vengeance.
- In spite of their anger, individuals can fairly enforce morality in most cases.
- Personal vengeance does a better job of rehabilitating the convicted person.
- Unethical individuals ought to obey the law, regardless of extenuating circumstances.
Q39 out of 50:
Which of the following is the most effective critique of virtue ethics?
Answer/Response:
- Virtue ethics can’t help us acknowledge favorable qualities.
- Virtue ethics identifies qualities of moral character.
- Virtue ethics doesn’t provide specific conduct for specific situations.
- Virtue ethics adapts well to the fast-paced, modern technological world.
Q40 out of 50:
A person may argue that adultery is moral on the grounds that people ought to be free to do what they want: It’s their business and no one else’s business – certainly not society’s. Which of the following ethical positions best matches the argument?
Answer/Response:
- A recognition that retribution justice could lead to divorce if adultery is discovered.
- “What they don’t know won’t hurt them” type of act utilitarian morality.
- Value ethics’ emphasis on personal characteristics as the end result of ethics.
- “Truth in advertising” openness with a spouse about intimacy with other people.
Q41 out of 50:
Which of the following best describes the morality that supports an act that brings about the greatest amount of good?
Answer/Response:
- It usually assesses what is good for one person both fairly and accurately. <- most likely correct
- It could be an easy system to implement, since good is easy to define. (probably not the correct answer)
- It could encourage people to lie or commit other ethical faults. (probably not the correct answer)
Q42 out of 50:
An animal protects its offspring and wards off attackers by fighting to the death. This instinctual protection can cause death to the attacker. What conclusion can you draw from this?
Answer/Response:
- Animals are immoral creatures.
- Animals are amoral beings.
- Animals are usually unethical creatures.
Q43 out of 50:
The ultimate principles underlying all of the varying rules and standards among different cultures are the same according to people who _____________.
Answer/Response:
- Conclude that everything is relative, including rules and standards.
- Disagree with the foundational similarity of conditions.
- Are willing to assume that people in different countries are different.
- Assume the cultural absolutist point of view.
Q44 out of 50:
A rather large country sends its armies to a small, far-away country to destroy that smaller country’s future ability to produce nuclear weapons. Which of the following statements describes this action from an ethical perspective?
Answer/Response:
- It might be considered legal under international law.
- This violates the principles of act utilitarian ethics.
- It measures the greater good for the country with more people.
Q45 out of 50:
Which of the following statements best describes the ethical implications of the phrase “If it feels good, do it?”
Answer/Response:
- Common sense because we all share a common sense of right and wrong.
- A reliable standard because it is normally used among friends where there is much similarity.
- Obvious, because we automatically choose what feels right in a given situation.
- A clear standard because our emotions offer reliable guidance to moral actions.
Q46 out of 50:
Which of the following most logically follows the statement: “Even if we are powerfully affected by our deficiencies and our times, we are free?”
Answer/Response:
- It is morally mistaken to assign praise, blame, and punishment. (probably not the correct answer)
- Ethical people must adopt the hard determinist moral view point. (probably not the correct answer)
- Because we are free to choose, we are free to assign moral responsibility. <-probably the correct answer
Q47 out of 50:
If justice implies something which is not only right to do, or wrong to do, but which someone can claim from us as his or her moral right, then ________.
Answer/Response:
- It is crucial to distinguish between members of the state and visitors.
- A question develops about who qualifies for these rights.
- We need to not always take these rights seriously, as in times of war.
- Human rights must be understood as universal and inalienable.
Q48 out of 50:
In which of the following professions would ethical egoism probablyNOT be a workable ethical foundation?
Answer/Response:
- America’s legal system, since the accused are provided the same level of protection.
- Sports, since top performers are poorly rewarded.
- Politics, where votes are traded to the highest bidder.
- Health care, since this profession is built upon a foundation of sharing.
Q49 out of 50:
How does a moralist most powerfully argue against utilitarian ethics?
Answer/Response:
- Utilitarian ethics is the fairest moral system we can devise.
- It is almost impossible to determine the best utility of any action.
- If we accept their premises, rule utilitarians ask us to give up our pleasure.
Q50 out of 50:
Retributivists believe that crime requires punishment ______________.
Answer/Response:
- To prevent people from committing future crimes.
- To remove an unfair advantage held by lawbreakers.
- And that a wrong can always be “righted.”
- And that punishment need not fit the crime.
No comments:
Post a Comment